Title documents intimidate people because they are explained badly. Here is what each one actually is — and what it is not.
Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
The C of O is the document the state governor issues granting occupancy rights over land to a holder, typically where the land was previously undeclared or government-held. It is strong evidence of the holder's right to use and occupy the land. It is not, by itself, proof that nothing else affects the land — which is why verification matters.
Governor's Consent
Under Nigerian land law, rights over land are vested in the state governor, and subsequent transfers require the governor's consent. When you buy land that already has a C of O, you do not get a new C of O — you get a Deed of Assignment, and then Governor's Consent on it. A deed without consent is an incomplete transfer.
Deed of Assignment
This is the contract by which the seller assigns their interest to you. It should describe the land precisely, state the price, and be executed properly. Keep the original. It is the foundation of everything that follows.
Excision and Gazette
Some land was originally designated as under government acquisition. Where government formally releases a portion back to communities — published in a gazette — that release is called an excision. Land in an excised area can be legitimate, but you must confirm the excision actually covers the specific plot being sold to you.
Registered Survey
The survey plan defines the land's exact location and boundaries. Registration at the surveyor-general's office gives it official standing. An unregistered survey is a drawing; a registered one is a record.
The rule that ties it together
No single document tells the whole story. A strong purchase is a chain: a clean root of title, a properly executed deed, consent obtained, survey registered, everything verified at the registry before the balance is paid. Break one link and the chain — and your protection — weakens.
